Administering treatments and taking care of patients is one of the most crucial aspects of nursing. Because nurses are the most frequent point of contact for patients and their families, they are also responsible for sharing important information and educating patients regarding various health conditions. By keeping patients and their caregivers well-informed, as a nurse, you can improve health outcomes and make a greater positive contribution to your community. Learning about different health problems patients face is essential to offer better care and patient education.
Throughout your career, you may encounter parents of infants and newborns facing different health problems. Some of the most common health problems in infants and newborns include coughs, fevers, vomiting, and colds. Many babies also develop skin problems like cradle cap and diaper rash. While most are not serious, nurses and parents must know how to help sick babies. Educating parents on how to tend to their babies facing these common problems is essential to prevent major complications.
In this Fast CE For Less guide, we will briefly cover the important aspects of the most common infant and newborn health problems.
Colds
Colds are common viral infections that affect the nose and throat of infants. Symptoms typically include a runny or stuffy nose, sneezing, and mild fever. Infants are usually nose breathers, making colds particularly uncomfortable for them.
Causes
Colds are caused by various viruses, with the rhinovirus being the most common. Infants are particularly susceptible to colds because their immune systems are still developing. They can catch a cold from contact with infected people or surfaces.
Treatments
Treatment for colds in infants focuses on relieving symptoms. You can ensure the baby stays hydrated by having the mother offer frequent breast feedings, and if applicable and age appropriate, offering plenty of fluids. Using a bulb syringe can help clear nasal congestion. A cool-mist humidifier in the baby’s room can also ease breathing. Over-the-counter medications are not recommended for infants. If symptoms persist or worsen, a pediatrician should be consulted.
Coughs
A cough is a reflex that helps clear the throat and airways of irritants. In infants, coughs can be dry or productive (with mucus). While a cough itself is not a disease, it can indicate an underlying issue, such as a cold or respiratory infection.
Causes
Common causes of coughs in infants include colds, flu, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), and environmental irritants like smoke or dust. In some cases, a persistent cough can be a sign of a more serious condition, such as asthma or pneumonia.
Treatments
Treating a cough in infants involves addressing the underlying cause. Ensure the baby stays hydrated, as fluids can thin mucus. Using a cool-mist humidifier can help ease a dry cough. For infants over one year old, honey can soothe a sore throat, but it should never be given to younger babies due to the risk of botulism. If the cough is severe or accompanied by difficulty breathing, seek medical attention promptly.
Croup
Croup is a viral infection that causes swelling of the vocal cords, leading to a distinctive barking cough and hoarseness. It often affects children under five years old, with symptoms usually worsening at night.
Causes
Croup is typically caused by parainfluenza viruses. It spreads through respiratory droplets when an infected person coughs or sneezes. Infants and young children are more susceptible due to their smaller airways.
Treatments
Treatment for croup focuses on relieving symptoms and ensuring the child can breathe comfortably. Mild cases can be managed at home with cool mist from a humidifier or steam from a hot shower. Keeping the child calm is important, as crying can worsen symptoms. In more severe cases, a healthcare provider may prescribe steroids to reduce airway swelling. If a child has difficulty breathing, immediate medical attention is required.
Fevers
A fever occurs when the body’s temperature rises above the normal range, typically over 100.4°F (38°C). In infants, fevers are common, and are often a sign that the body is fighting an infection.
Causes
Fevers in infants can be caused by various infections, including viral infections like colds and flu, bacterial infections such as ear infections, and other conditions like teething. Sometimes, immunizations can also cause a mild fever.
Treatments
Treating a fever involves keeping the infant comfortable and hydrated. The baby should be dressed in light clothing and kept in a cool room. The baby should be offered plenty of fluids, such as breast milk or formula, and medications such as acetaminophen (Tylenol) or ibuprofen (for babies over six months) may be administered, when appropriate. If the fever is persistent, very high, or accompanied by other symptoms like rash, difficulty breathing, or lethargy, medical attention should be sought.
Diarrhea and Vomiting
Diarrhea is characterized by frequent, loose, or watery stools. Vomiting is the forceful expulsion of stomach contents through the mouth. Both conditions can be concerning in infants due to the risk of dehydration.
Causes
Diarrhea and vomiting can be caused by viral infections such as rotavirus or norovirus, bacterial infections like salmonella, food intolerances, and even certain medications. Overfeeding and motion sickness can also lead to vomiting.
Treatments
Treatment focuses on preventing dehydration and managing symptoms. Ensure the infant stays hydrated by offering small, frequent sips of an oral rehydration solution (ORS), breast milk, or formula. Sugary drinks or plain water should be avoided as they do not contain the necessary electrolytes. The baby may be fed as usual, but solid foods may need to be stopped temporarily. The baby’s hydration should be monitored by checking for wet diapers, tears when crying, fontanelle status, and a moist mouth. If diarrhea or vomiting persists for more than a day, or if there are signs of dehydration like a dry mouth, no tears, fontanelle depression, or fewer wet diapers, healthcare intervention must be sought.
Skin Problems
Diaper Rash
Diaper rash is a common skin irritation in the diaper area, causing redness, swelling, and discomfort. It can range from mild redness to severe inflammation with sores.
Causes
Diaper rash can be caused by prolonged exposure to a wet or dirty diaper, friction from the diaper, and sensitivity to baby wipes, soaps, or diapers. Sometimes, a fungal or bacterial infection can develop on the irritated skin.
Treatments
Treating diaper rash involves keeping the area clean and dry. Diapers should be changed frequently, and the area should be cleaned with water or gentle wipes. The baby’s skin should be allowed to air dry before a new diaper is placed. A thick layer of barrier cream may also be applied, such as zinc oxide, to protect the skin. If the rash persists or worsens, an antifungal or antibacterial cream may be prescribed.
Cradle Cap
Cradle cap is a common condition that causes yellowish, greasy, scaly patches on a baby’s scalp. It is not painful or itchy but can look concerning to parents.
Causes
The exact cause of cradle cap is unknown, but it is thought to be related to overactive oil glands in the scalp. It is not caused by poor hygiene and is not contagious.
Treatments
Treating cradle cap involves gently washing the baby’s scalp with a mild shampoo. A soft brush may be used to loosen and remove the scales. Applying a small amount of baby oil or mineral oil to the scalp can also help soften the scales before shampooing. If the cradle cap is severe or does not improve with home treatment, medicated shampoo or lotion may be prescribed.
Educating Parents on Treating Infant and Newborn Health Problems
Treating health problems early can prevent major complications. As a nurse, it is important for you to educate parents on how to recognize health problems and deliver the right care. You must also inform them on the importance of seeking immediate care from professionals if their children’s health gets worse.
If you have not completed your continuing nursing continuing education requirements to renew your license and want to learn more about providing care for your patients, online nursing CEUs offered by Fast CE For Less can help.
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